セミナー2017 – 2021

2021

  • 第76回:2021年9月14日(金) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar

    “”

    Dr. Hiroshi Ochiai (Hiroshima University)

  • 第76回:2021年7月20日(火) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Toward understanding the dynamic state of 3D genome”

    Dr. Soya Shinkai (Research Scientist, RIKEN BDR, Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics)

    Chromatin fibers, as the substance of the genome, are biopolymers packed inside the cell nucleus. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) techniques have revealed the 3D genome organization for over a decade. Meanwhile, live-cell imaging experiments have shown the dynamic nature of chromatin. To bridge the gap between genome 3D structure and dynamics, we have developed a computational method for deciphering Hi-C data by polymer modeling. We also have developed another new method that uncovers the rheological properties of the dynamic 3D genome organization. By applying these methods to actual Hi-C data, we highlighted a temporal hierarchy embedded in the 3D genome organization; chromatin interaction boundaries are more rigid than the boundary interior, while functional domains emerge as dynamic fluctuations within a particular time interval. Our methods may bridge the gap between live-cell imaging and Hi-C data and elucidate the nature of the dynamic 3D genome organization.

  • 第76回:2021年6月30日(水) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “TBA.”

    Dr. Mikako Shirouzu (RIKEN BDR) and Dr. Mutsuko Niino-Kukimoto (RIKEN BDR)

    Abstract: The dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) promotes cell motility, phagocytosis, and cancer metastasis through activation of Rho GTPases. Engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) proteins are binding partners of DOCK and regulate Rac activation. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the active ELMO1-DOCK5 complex bound to Rac1 at 3.8 Å resolution. The N-terminal region of ELMO1 is dynamic in the ELMO1-DOCK5-Rac1 complex. The C-terminal region of ELMO1, including the PH domain, aids in the binding of the catalytic DHR-2 domain of DOCK5 to Rac1 in its nucleotide-free state. A complex a-helical scaffold between ELMO1 and DOCK5 stabilizes the binding of Rac1. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the PH domain of ELMO1 enhances the GEF activity of DOCK5 through specific interactions with Rac1. The structure provides new insights into how ELMO modulates the biochemical activity of DOCK, and how Rac selectivity is achieved by ELMO.

  • 第76回:2021年5月XX日(金) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Structural analyses of intrinsically disordered proteins and cytosolic proteins based on single-molecule FRET measurements.”

    Dr. Kenji Okamoto (Cellular Informatics Laboratory, CPR RIKEN)

    Since functions of biomolecules are intimately related to their structures, various methods for structural analyses, such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, cryo-electron microscopy, have been developed and used. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement is also useful to investigate molecular structure and dynamics. While FRET only provides information on one-dimensional distance between fluorophores, it has other unique advantages. For example, the target molecules do not need to conform to a specific three-dimensional structure. Fluorescence measurement provides single-molecule sensitivity, allowing coexistence of molecules with various structures, and also enables measurement in live cells. We developed the alternating laser excitation (ALEX) system to realize single-molecule FRET (smFRET) measurement of diffusing molecules in solution or in living cells. In this seminar, I would like to show two examples of smFRET applications we recently succeeded. First, the structure of the intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), the C-terminal tail (CTT) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), was examined. The previous report suggested that interaction with GRB2 protein induced some structural components in the CTT domain. The influences of charge interaction and secondary structure formation were investigated by modifying solvent condition. The results suggest that the CTT domain contains secondary structures, especially beta-sheet. Next, smFRET of cytosolic protein CRAF, a member of RAF kinase family, freely diffusing in living cells was detected. It has been suggested that the closed autoinhibitory conformation is formed by interaction between the N- and the C-terminal domains or by interaction with 14-3-3 scaffold protein, but the structure of the whole molecule is still unknown. Our smFRET distribution analyses indicated coexistence of at least three structural states in HeLa cells and suggested the existence of two closed forms with different responsiveness to EGF stimulation.

  • 第76回:2021年4月23日(金) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Nucleosome transcription in cellular context”

    Dr. Haruhiko Ehara (RIKEN BDR)

    First, I will talk about our previous works on nucleosomal transcription. In brief, we have prepared stalled complexes of RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) during nucleosomal transcription, and determined their structures using cryo-EM single particle analysis. We have also found that transcription elongation factors called Elf1 and Spt4/5 can help RNAP2 overcome the nucleosome barriers during transcription, and by using cryo-EM structure analysis, we could describe the structural basis of their effect on the nucleosomal transcription. Secondly, I will talk about our ongoing efforts on nucleosomal transcription. Currently, we are interested in “Nucleosome transcription in cellular context”, where more complex chromatin structures, more elongation factors and some unexpected players may have important roles. We may also introduce new cryo-EM equipments introduced in Yokohama, if time permits.

  • 第75回:2021年3月26日(水) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “TBA”

    Dr. Minami Matsui (RIKEN CSRS), Dr. Yukio Kurihara(RIKEN CSRC)

    Plants equip unique system of gene expression in order to respond to environmental changes, because they cannot move anywhere by themselves unlike animals. After germination underground (dark), young seedlings elongate their hypocotyl to the ground, perceive light and then start morphogenesis. At the response to light environment, plants undergo dramatic changes in gene expression. However, their regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated yet. In our previous works, we revealed that exposure of Arabidopsis young seedlings to blue monochromatic light enhanced translation efficiency of main ORFs (mORFs) in some light-responsive genes by alleviating upstream ORFs (uORFs)-mediated translation suppression in transcription start sites (TSSs)-dependent manner (Kurihara et al., PNAS, 115:7831-7836, 2018). Besides, we identified many translated short ORFs on the non-protein-coding RNAs including antisense RNAs and knew their translational responsibility to blue light exposure (Kurihara et al. Plant and Cell Physiology, 61:536-545, 2020). In this pioneer project, we will try two challenges upon same blue light exposure as below. 1) To identify hidden ORFs (hORFs) which are translated in transcription start site (TSS)-dependent or independent manners, and know their physiological roles. 2) To investigate a possible relationship between translation of ORFs on the trans-splicing (TS) mRNAs and a selective RNA decay mechanism.

2020

  • 第74回:2020年10月30日(水) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “How to create and avoid the 3Cs during chromosome assembly”

    Dr. Tatsuya Hirano (RIKEN CPR)

    How rod-shaped chromosomes are assembled during mitosis has remained one of the most fundamental questions in cell biology ever since Walter Flemming described this extraordinarily aesthetic process in the late 19th century. In 2015, we reported that structures that share many characteristics with mitotic chromosomes can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing a simple substrate (i.e., frog sperm nuclei) with only six purified proteins: core histones, three histone chaperones, topoisomerase II (topo II) and condensin I. However, the final structures reconstituted with the original protocol were not as good as those assembled in Xenopus egg crude extracts, indicating that there was a room for further refinement of the reconstitution assay.
    Most recently, we have successfully established a “second generation” reconstitution assay by replacing yeast topo II (used in the original protocol) with Xenopus topo IIa as well as by searching for an optimal buffer condition. These efforts, in turn, have allowed us to uncover hitherto-underappreciated function of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of topo IIa. We demonstrate that the CTD delivers the enzymatic core of topo IIa to crowded environments created during mitotic chromatid assembly (i.e., chromatid axes), thereby helping catalyze intrachromatid catenation to stabilize the final structure. We also find unexpectedly that a linker histone assembles large biomolecular condensates on non-nucleosomal DNA when topo IIa and the histone chaperone Asf1 are simultaneously depleted from Xenopus egg extracts. Remarkably, our results show that the CTD of topo IIa competes with the linker histone for non-nucleosomal DNA, contributing not only to preventing the formation of such condensates but also to resolving pre-assembled condensates.
    In this presentation, I will emphasize that our in vitro assays are very powerful in addressing the general question of how the 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places and close-contact settings) are created and avoided in the cell.

    References:
    Hirano, T., and T. J. Mitchison. (1993). Topoisomerase II does not play a scaffolding role in the organization of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts. J. Cell Biol. 120:601-612.
    Shintomi, K., T. S. Takahashi, and T. Hirano. (2015). Reconstitution of mitotic chromatids witha minimum set of purified factors. Nat. Cell Biol. 17:1014-1023.
    Shintomi, K., F. Inoue, H. Watanabe, K. Ohsumi, M. Ohsugi, and T. Hirano. (2017). Mitotic chromosome assembly despite nucleosome depletion in Xenopus egg extracts. Science 356:1284-1287.

  • 第73回:2020年09月30日(水) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Amyloid conformation-dependent disaggregation revealed by a reconstituted yeast prion system”

    Drs. Motomasa Tanaka and Yoshiko Nakagawa& (RIKEN CBS)

    Disaggregation of amyloid fibrils is a fundamental biological process required for their propagation. However, due to a lack of experimental systems, the molecular mechanism of how amyloid fibrils are disaggregated by cellular factors remains unclear. Here, we established a robust, in vitro,reconstituted system of yeast prion propagation and revealed that Hsp104, Ssa1, and Sis1 chaperones are essential for efficient disaggregation of Sup35 amyloid fibrils. We then developed a single-molecule real-time fluorescence imaging platform coupled with the reconstitution system, and found that amyloid disaggregation by the three chaperones is achieved by an ordered and timely binding of the chaperones to the amyloid. Remarkably, our detailed analysis of disaggregation process uncovered two distinct, prion strain conformation-dependent modes of disaggregation, which we characterized as fragmentation and dissolution. Our findings provide a physical foundationfor development of novel therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases involving amyloid formationand propagation.

  • 第72回:2020年08月28日(金) 15:30~16:30
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Translation of introns: hidden role and regulation”

    Drs. Sintaro Iwasaki and Jagat Krishna Chhipi Shrestha (RIKEN)

    The function of introns beyond their role in splice isoform production has been largely unexplored. Mostly, the studies are limited to the function of proteins from coding mRNAs. It has been shown that few retained introns can produce the translated products. However, an entire picture of truncated proteins translated from intron-retained mRNA and its biological consequences remain unclear. Here we show the generation of a substantial number of truncated proteins from retained introns upon chemical splicing modulation by Spliceostatin A (SSA), using genome-wide ribosome profiling in conjunction with shotgun mass spectrometry. Importantly, a subset of these truncated proteins has intrinsically disordered regions, forms insoluble cellular condensates, and triggers the proteotoxic stress response through JNK phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting the mTORC1 pathway; in turn, this effect reduces global translation. These findings indicate that the overburden of condensate-prone proteins derived from introns may negatively feed back into translational repression to prevent further production of harmful truncated proteins. Additionally, this mechanism should contribute at least in part to the antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of splicing modulators.

  • 第71回:2020年07月29日(金) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar (3Cs seminar)

    “Molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules in cellular environments”

    Drs. Yuji Sugita and Cheng Tan (RIKEN)

    How proteins, nucleic acids, or other biomolecules function in a living cell is a fundamental question in biology. To answer this question, we have developed high-performance molecular dynamics (MD) software, GENESIS, and carried out large-scale MD simulations of crowded protein solutions using K or other supercomputers. We observed that protein crowders can destabilize the native state of proteins in the simulations, and solution NMR spectroscopy by Dr. Kigawa and his colleagues confirmed the existence of partial unfolded structures in similar conditions. This suggests that non-specific protein-protein interaction in crowded cellular environments has important roles in protein stability and dynamics. In the talk, we will summarize the basic concepts, methods, and key results in our calculations and introduce new approaches, such as data-driven simulations and/or coarse-grained MD simulations to tackle biological problems in cellular environments.

  • 第70回:2020年06月25日(金) 16:00~17:00
    Online Seminar

    “Permeability barrier formation in skin and tear film by lipids”

    Prof. Akio Kihara (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University)

    The three well-known functions of lipids are energy source, biomembrane formation, and mediator function. In addition to these, we propose the importance of barrier function. On the surface of the body (epidermis and tear film), permeability barriers produced by lipids exist and prevent invasion of foreign substances (e.g., allergens, allergens, and toxic substances) as well as internal water loss. Their abnormalities cause various disorders (ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis in skin; dry eye and corneal damage in eye). Lipids that form the permeable barriers are acylceramides in the epidermis and cholesteryl esters, wax esters, O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) in the tear film. These lipids are specialized in barrier formation. All of them are characterized by a long carbon chain length—cholesterol esters and wax esters have very-long-chain (≥C21), while acylceramides and OAHFAs have ultra-long-chain (≥C26). We have identified the fatty acid elongase gene (Elovl1) responsible for the production of such long carbon chains. The Elovl1 knockout mice exhibit skin phenotypes (permeability barrier abnormalities and ichthyosis-like symptoms) and eye phenotypes (dry eye and corneal opacity), indicating the importance of these long-chain lipids in the formation of the body surface barrier1-3). Furthermore, we have revealed the synthesis pathway of acylceramide and identified almost all of the genes involved in its production4-6). OAHFAs in the tear film are amphiphilic in nature and have been considered to function to connect the lipid and water layers. Recently, we have identified the gene involved in OAHFA production (Cyp4f39) and found that its knockout mice indeed exhibit dry eye7). Although we have elucidated the molecular mechanism of the barrier lipid biosynthesis and their physiological functions by biochemical and genetic analyses, there still remain a lot of unsolved problems that cannot be solved by these biological approaches. Therefore, I would like to ask you to advise me from the perspective of computational chemistry experts. The problems include the behavior of acyl chains during fatty acid elongation, the localization and orientation of lipid molecules in the tear film lipid layer, roles of long-chain length and terminal branched moiety of the lipids in the formation/stabilization of the tear film.

    1) Ohno Y et al (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 18439-44.
    2) Sassa T et al (2013) Mol. Cell. Biol., 33, 2787-96.
    3) Sassa T et al (2018) FASEB J., 32, 2966-78.
    4) Ohno Y et al (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112, 7707-12.
    5) Ohno Y et al (2017) Nat. Commun., 8, 14610.
    6) Yamamoto H et al (2020) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 117, 2914-22.
    7) Miyamoto M et al (2020) eLife, 9, e53582.

  • 第69回:2020年06月05日(金) 13:00~14:00
    Online Seminar

    “A widespread family of heat-resistant obscure (Hero) proteins protect against protein instability and aggregation”

    Prof. Yukihide Tomari (The University of Tokyo)

    TBA

2019

  • 第68回:2019年08月27日(火) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Computational studies of Ca2+ permeable ion channels”

    Prof. Chen Song (Peking University)

    Calcium ions play crucial roles in many important biological processes, such as muscle contraction, signal transduction in nervous system, cell signaling regulation and cell fate determination. However, the existing Ca2+ models in the classical non-polarizable force field are inaccurate in calculating the interaction energies between calcium ions and protein molecules, which has hindered the computational studies of Ca2+-interacting proteins. We developed a new multi-site Ca2+ model in the framework of the classical non-polarizable force field, which can not only reproduce the energetical and dynamical properties of calcium ions in solution, but also describe the interaction energies between calcium ions and proteins more accurately. We utilized this new Ca2+ model to simulate ion permeation through the RyR channels, and revealed the detailed Ca2+ permeation behavior. We hope this Ca2+ model can find more applications soon.

  • 第67回:2019年07月08日(月) 14:00~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Computational protein tertiary structure modeling from cryo-EM maps of intermediate resolution”

    Prof. Daisuke Kihara (Purdue University)

    The significant progress of the cryo-EM poses a pressing need for software for structural interpretation of EM maps. Particularly, protein structure modeling tools are needed for EM maps determined at a resolution around 4 Å or lower, where finding main-chain structure and assigning the amino acid sequence into EM map is challenging. In this seminar, we discuss computational protein structure modeling tools we have been developing and future directions, opportunities, and challenges.
    We have developed a de novo modeling tool named MAINMAST (MAINchain Model trAcing from Spanning Tree) for EM maps for this resolution range (Nature Communications, 2018). MAINMAST builds main-chain traces of a protein in an EM map from a tree structure constructed by connecting high-density points without referring to known protein structures or fragments. The method has substantial advantages over the existing methods. MAINMAST showed better modeling performance than existing methods. The method is further enhanced recently to be able to model symmetric protein complexes and ligand (drug) molecules that bind to a protein in a map. Moreover, to provide structure information for maps determined at a lower resolution (5~10 Å), we have recently developed a new tool, Emap2sec, which uses convolutional deep learning for detecting secondary structures of proteins (accepted and to appear, 2019). Emap2sec scans an EM map with a voxel and assigns a secondary structure, i.e. alpha helix, beta strand, or coil, from density patterns of the voxel and its neighbors.

  • 第66回:2019年07月08日(月) 13:00~14:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Computing electronic structure and nuclear motion hand in hand”

    Prof. Ove Christiansen (Aarhus University)

    I will describe methods we have developed through the years aiming at incorporating the effects of nuclear motions and states in theoretical computations, ranging from MD and QM/MM in the prediction of electronic spectra to full quantum treatment of many-mode nuclear motion. I will discuss why and how we have changed from a QM/MM approach for classical simulations of electronic spectra to so-called incremental type approaches for constructing quantum computed potential energy surfaces for many mode vibrational computations. In the context of many-mode dynamics progress in the vibrational coupled cluster approach developed in our group through the years will be discussed. Along the way I will also discuss the perspectives of boosting computations using techniques such as machine-learning and tensor decomposition. I will finally also discuss the computation of Franck-Condon factors using anharmonic wave functions with thiophenes as an example.

  • 第65回:2019年5月31日(金) 10:00~11:30
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Next Generation Quantum Chemistry”

    Prof. Toru Shiozaki (Northwestern University)

    I will present recent advances in quantum chemistry with an emphasis on software development in the BAGEL program package. First, I will show that, with BAGEL, one can routinely perform first principles all-electron DFT simulations of 1000-2000 atoms in ∼15 min using a computer cluster with a few dozen of nodes, which (we hope) will allow the users to replace some of the computational protocols conventionally performed by classical force fields. Second, I will review several high-accuracy wave function methods in BAGEL, which would replace some of the simulations currently done by DFT. Finally, I will discuss how parallel software, like BAGEL, can accelerate the users’ workflow and change how quantum chemistry is used in academia and in industry.

  • 第64回:2019年3月11日(月) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Toward Computational Glycobiology”

    Prof. Wonpil Im (Lehigh University)

    In this talk, I would like to share our ongoing efforts toward computational (structural) glycobiology in terms of (1) glycan structure and dynamics in glycoproteins, (2) roles of glycans as ligands in protein-glycan and protein-protein interactions, (3) glycolipid structure and dynamics, and (4) bacterial outer membranes containing lipopolysaccharides and their interactions with membrane proteins. We have developed various tools available in GlycanStructure.ORG (http://www.glycanstructure.org): Glycan Reader for automatic detection and annotation of carbohydrates, their chemical modifications, and glycosidic linkages in PDB files, Glycan Fragment DB for finding carbohydrate fragment structures in the PDB and torsion angle distributions of specific glycosidic linkages of a query glycan structure, Glycan Modeler for modeling glycan structures from its sequence, and GS-align for glycan structure alignment and similarity measurement. In addition, we are in the process of building Glycan Binding Structure Database and Glycan Microarray Database. A PDB survey study of N-glycan structures and protein-glycan interactions is also presented for modeling glycan structures and protein-glycan interactions.

  • 第63回:2019年3月7日(木) 10:30~12:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Simulating Coordination Chemistry”

    Prof. Kenneth M. Merz, Jr. (Michigan State University)

    The 12−6 Lennard-Jones (LJ) nonbonded model is routinely used to represent metal ions in the simulation of the structure and thermodynamics of a range of coordination compounds. However this model often fails to simultaneously reproduce these properties, which limits its applicability. Our 12−6−4 LJ-type nonbonded model, that includes a 1/r4 term to incorporate charge-induced dipole interactions, reproduces multiple experimental properties of highly charged metal ions [1-3]. We recently optimized 12−6−4 LJ parameters for Cd2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ binding to ethylenediamine (en) in water in order to capture detailed mechanistic insights into the chelate effect [4]. This study highlighted the role of water molecules in the first solvation shell of the metal ion in facilitating chelate ring formation. In this talk, we’ll present recent efforts in furthering the application of our model to simulate the structural and thermodynamic properties of the self-assembly process involving metal ions with organic and biological ligands.

    References:
    [1] Li, P. and Merz, K. M., Jr. J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2014, 10, 289−297.
    [2] Li, P.; Song, L. F. and Merz, K. M., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2014, 119, 883−895.
    [3] Li, P.; Song, L. F. and Merz, K. M., Jr. J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2015, 11, 1645−1657.
    [4] Sengupta, A. Seitz, A.; Merz, K. M., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 15166–15169.

2018

  • 第62回:2018年12月5日(水) 15:00~16:30
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Theory of trajectories applied to enhanced sampling and improved Markov models, with application to protein folding”

    Prof. Daniel M. Zuckerman (Oregon Health & Science University)
    The basic outcome of an ordinary molecular simulation is a trajectory, or sequence of molecular configurations, and any equilibrium or non-equilibrium observable can be derived from a sufficiently long trajectory. Likewise, arbitrary observables can be derived from an appropriate ensemble of trajectories. The talk will explain how the basic physics of trajectory ensembles can be exploited for enhanced sampling and for improved analysis of ordinary trajectories via Markov models. In particular, the “weighted ensemble” enhanced sampling approach has been employed to estimate protein folding times up to the second timescale. Further, the related trajectory theory enables construction of Markov models of protein folding that remain unbiased at very short lag times, greatly enhancing their capability to describe fundamental aspects of mechanism (pathways).
  • 第61回:2018年11月12日(月) 13:30~17:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Analyses of amyloid formations of peptide fragments by replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations”

    Prof. Yuko Okamoto (Nagoya University)

    In this talk I will present the results of our analyses of amyloid formations of peptide fragments by replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Two peptide fragments were studied. For the former system, we found that there is a clear phase transition temperature in which the peptides aggregate with each other. Moreover, we found by the free energy analyses that there are two major stable states: One of them is like amyloid fibrils and the other is amorphous aggregates. For the latter system, we focused on the concentration dependency. We showed that high concentration environment of fibril-forming peptides is likely to cause the protein aggregation.

  • 第60回:2018年11月12日(月) 13:30~17:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Molecular dynamics of APP and β-secretase on the bio-membrane in the early stage of Alzheimer’s Disease”

    Prof. Naoyuki Miyashita (Kindai University)
  • 第59回:2018年11月12日(月) 13:30~17:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Probing the principles of amyloid protein aggregation from biogenesis to cytotoxicity”

    Prof. John E. Straub (Boston University)

    Considerable progress has been made, using experiments and computations, to decipher the general principles governing the mechanism of formation of oligomers and fibrils of amyloid proteins implicated in diseases, including the amyloid-β protein (Aβ) associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the identification of the link between protein aggregation and the systems of disease at the molecular level has proved elusive. The biogenesis of Aβ starts with interaction of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) with secretases in the presence of membrane. Subsequently, interactions with cholesterol and other proteins such as the cellular prion protein (PrPC) determine the route to oligomer formation and the extent of cytotoxicity. We report on theoretical and computational studies designed to systematically investigate the biogenesis of Aβ, its propensity toward aggregation, and putative mechanisms of cytotoxicity in order to highlight critical areas for future research.

  • 第58回:2018年10月26日(金) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Molecular Simulation Tools for Investigating Structure and Dynamics of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins”

    Dr. Robert Best (NIH)

    Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are increasingly realized to play a wide range of functional as well as pathological roles in biology. However, biophysical characterization of these proteins is experimentally challenging due to the extremely heterogeneous ensemble of structures which they populate. Computational tools, in particular molecular simulations, can therefore play a role in elucidating structure, function and dynamics in IDPs. Here, Dr. Best will show how both detailed atomistic simulations, as well as simplified coarse-grained models can be used to assist in the interpretation of experiments on IDPs. In particular, Dr. Best will describe recent work characterizing an ultra-high affinity complex between two charged IDPs which, remarkably, remain completely disordered upon binding.

  • 第57回:2018年08月06日(月) 10:00~11:30
    研究本館2階セミナー室(224/226)

    “Speeding up discovery with machine learning and accelerated electronic structure methods”

    Prof. Heather Kulik (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

    Computation has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating the discovery of new materials and molecules: first through first-principles simulation in high throughput screening and very recently even further with machine learning (ML). In the first part of my talk, I will discuss the unique challenges that remain for the accelerated discovery and design of inorganic complexes, despite the highly tunable electronic structure properties that make these materials so compelling for applications in energy storage and catalysis. I will describe our recent efforts to overcome the high cost and low accuracy of electronic structure for inorganic chemistry through developing ML models (e.g., artificial neural networks and kernel ridge regression) that predict key first-principles energetic (e.g., spin-state ordering and redox potential) and geometric properties to within the accuracy of the underlying simulation method that provides the training data. I will describe our efforts to use these ML models for extrapolative applications (i.e., design) by incorporating heuristics for ML model uncertainty in a genetic algorithm to discover new inorganic compounds. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss how we leverage recent advances in stream processors to carry out large-scale electronic structure in QM and QM/MM simulation with over 1000 atoms treated quantum mechanically. I will describe how these simulations have given us new insights into enzyme mechanism, what potential challenges there are in applying conventional electronic structure methods on such large systems, and how we can understand when large scale electronic structure is needed in enzyme simulation.

  • 第56回:2018年06月29日(金) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Computational design of GPCR structure, stability and function”

    Prof. Patrick Barth (Baylor College of Medicine)

    Communication and transport across lipid membranes control a large variety of cellular processes but remain poorly understood, largely because membrane proteins are difficult to study experimentally. The scarcity of high-resolution membrane protein structures and mechanistic insights hinder the development of effective therapeutics, with membrane proteins estimated to represent around 60% of possible cellular drug targets. To address these challenges, we have recently developed an ensemble of integrated computational/experimental approaches to accurately model and design membrane protein structures and functions. With our methods, we can (1) predict the functional consequences of membrane protein sequence variations, (2) uncover new molecular determinants of membrane protein structure and function, and (3) rationally design membrane receptors with novel biophysical and signaling properties. We leverage these combinatorial approaches to engineer biosensors, as well as reprogram and create novel signaling pathways for applications in synthetic, systems biology and personalized medicine, including immunotherapeutic interventions.

  • 第55回:2018年03月09日(金) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Peptide nucleic acids targeting bacterial RNA and their transport to E. coli cells”

    Mr. Tomasz Pieńko and Prof. Joanna Trylska (University of Warsaw)
  • 第54回:2018年02月28日(水) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Simulating the GATA4 gene locus: large scale simulations in the biosciences”

    Dr. Karissa Sanbonmatsu (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

    Chromatin architecture plays a key role in embryonic stem cell programming, human embryo development, brain function and cancer. Specifically, epigenetic methylation and acetylation marks are thought to control gene expression by dramatically altering global chromatin architecture; however the exact mechanism by which a single methyl group can induce a large scale conformation change of chromatin is not well understood. By examining histones in a dense nucleosome context, we aim to gain insight into possible scenarios by which methylation can alter chromatin conformation. Using coarse grain models of chromatin as a basis, we construct all atom chromatin models and simulate these with the GENESIS molecular dynamics code on the large-scale high performance platforms at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The multi-disciplinary effort combined computer science, high performance computing, chip design, biophysics, structural biology, and cell biology, including researchers from RIKEN, LANL, NYU, Intel and Cray. Several performance optimizations for the KNL architecture enabled scaling to large numbers of cores.

2017

  • 第53回:2017年12月25日(月) 16:00~17:30
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Influences of lone-pair electrons on directionality of hydrogen bonds formed by hydrophilic amino acid side chains in molecular dynamics simulation”

    Dr. Tomotaka Oroguchi (Keio University)

    The influence of lone-pair electrons on the directionality of hydrogen bonds that are formed by oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the side chains of nine hydrophilic was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations were conducted using two types of force fields; one incorporated lone-pair electrons placed at off-atom sites and the other did not. The density distributions of the hydration water molecules around the oxygen and nitrogen atoms were calculated from the simulation trajectories, and were compared with the empirical hydration distribution functions, which were constructed from a large number of hydration water molecules found in the crystal structures of proteins. Only simulations using the force field explicitly incorporating lone-pair electrons reproduced the directionality of hydrogen bonds that is observed in the empirical distribution functions for the deprotonated oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the sp2-hybridization. The amino acids that include such atoms are functionally important glutamate, aspartate, and histidine. Therefore, a set of force field that incorporates lone-pair electrons as off-atom charge sites would be effective for considering hydrogen bond formation by these amino acids in molecular dynamics simulation studies.

  • 第52回:2017年11月29日(水) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Designing oligomers targeting ribosomal RNA”

    Prof. Kenneth M. Merz Jr. (Michigan State University)

    Docking (posing) calculations coupled with binding free energy estimates (scoring) are a mainstay of structurebased drug design. Docking and scoring methods have steadily improved over the years, but remain challenging because of the extensive sampling that is required, the need for accurate scoring functions and challenges encountered in accurately estimating entropy effects. To address these issues we have been developing a number of novel strategies in our laboratory. In particular, in this presentation, we will describe the Movable Type sampling (MTS) method developed in our laboratory that estimates binding free energies, entropies and enthalpies. The utility of MTS will be explored through a series of examples that involve rigid or flexible protein-ligand docking, protein-protein docking and entropy estimation. We will show that MTS allows us to compute thermodynamic quantities associated with myriad biological processes rapidly, accurately and yields structural information at a minimal computational cost relative to currently available methods.

  • 第51回:2017年10月30日(水) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)
    Prof. Huan-Xiang Zhou (Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago)
  • 第50回:2017年10月17日(火) 13:30~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Integrated Computational and Experimental Studies on the Structure and Function of Ion Channels”

    Prof. Huan-Xiang Zhou (Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago)

    I will start with an overview of my research program, which includes studies on protein association, macromolecular crowding, and peptide self-assembly. The focus will then shift to our studies on ion channels. These membrane proteins, relative to water-soluble proteins, have less intrinsic stability and are more prone to influences of the solubilizing environments. Indeed, our recent assessment of helical membrane protein structures in the Protein Data Bank identified many cases of potential distortions in transmembrane domains, attributable to sample preparations used for X-ray crystallography and solution NMR spectroscopy [1]. To achieve native-like structures, we use solid-state NMR data for refinement through restrained molecular dynamics simulations in native-like environments, i.e., in lipid bilayers. For the Influenza M2 protein (an acid-activated proton-selective channel), our study further targeted its functional center, i.e., a histidine tetrad within the channel pore that acts as both the pH sensor and ion selectivity filter. Based on solid-state NMR data and quantum chemistry calculations, we developed a mechanism for acid activation and proton conductance [2]. We have also remodeled transmembrane domains from crystal structures, both for correcting distortions [3] and for generating structural models in different functional states [4]. Lastly we have used molecular dynamics simulations and structural modeling to develop mechanisms for ionotropic glutamate receptors on channel gating, partial agonism, and disease-associated mutations, and are integrating these results into electrophysiological studies [5, 6].

    [references]
    1. H.-X. Zhou and T. A. Cross (2013). Influences of membrane mimetic environments on membrane protein structures. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 42, 361-392.
    2. M. Sharma, M. Yi, H. Dong, H. Qin, E. Peterson, D. D. Busath, H.-X. Zhou, and T. A. Cross (2010). Insight into the mechanism of the Influenza A proton channel from a structure in a lipid bilayer. Science 330, 509-512.
    3. G. Heymann, J. Dai, M. Li, S. D. Silberberg, H.-X. Zhou, and K. J. Swartz (2013). Inter- and intrasubunit interactions between transmembrane helices in the open state of P2X receptor channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E4045-E4054.
    4. J. Dai and H.-X. Zhou (2014). General rules for the arrangements and gating motions of pore-lining helices in homomeric ion channels. Nat. Commun. 5, 4641.
    5. R. Kazi, J. Dai, C. Sweeney, H.-X. Zhou, and L. P. Wollmuth (2014). Mechanical coupling maintains the fidelity of NMDA receptor-mediated currents. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 914-922.
    6. H.-X. Zhou and L. P. Wollmuth (2017). Advancing NMDA receptor physiology by integrating multiple approaches. Trends Neurosci. 40, 129-137.

  • 第49回:2017年4月20日(木) 10:30~11:30
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Designing oligomers targeting ribosomal RNA”

    Prof. Joanna Trylska (Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw)

    Bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a target for small molecule antibiotics whose binding inhibits protein synthesis. However, rRNA constitutes two-thirds of the ribosome by mass so it offers many other possible interaction sites. We explored bacterial rRNA as a target for complementary oligomers that would bind observing the Watson-Crick pairing rules. We analysed various properties of the rRNA regions such as accessibility, functionality, hydrogen bond patterns, easiness of opening for strand invasion and flexibility. To determine 16S rRNA flexibility in the ribosome context, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the small ribosome subunit in explicit solvent. Based on these properties we selected rRNA targets for hybridization with complementary oligoribonucleotides. Next, we tested translation inhibition efficiencies of these ribosome-interfering oligomers in a cell-free translation system. Selected rRNA sites were targeted with peptide nucleic acid oligomers and tested for inhibition of bacterial growth.

  • 第48回:2017年3月24日(金) 15:00~16:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “Glass transition may be a mysterious but unsolved problem, after all: From recent simulation studies regarding transport properties”

    Prof. Kang Kim (Univ. of Osaka)

    Understanding the universal mechanism of glass transitions is a challenging problem for condensed phases, despite extensive efforts in theories, simulations, and experiments. A remarkable feature of glass-forming liquids is the drastic slowing down that accompanies non-exponentially and non-Gaussianity observed in various time correlation functions. On the contrary, the amorphous structures upon supercooling remain unchanged and are similar to those in liquid states. In this talk, I first provide the general review about glass transition problem and then introduce my recent simulation studies. The particular interest is related to temperature dependence of transport coefficients such as diffusivity, viscosity, and structural relaxation time in glasses. This temperature dependence is characterized by the degree of the Arrhenius property, which is referred to as fragility. It is well known that anisotropic tetrahedral network-forming liquids (SiO2) exhibit the Arrhenius behavior, while isotropic short-ranged potential liquids (metallic alloys) act as another type of glass former exhibiting super-Arrhenius temperature dependence. Here, it is demonstrated that the fragility can be controlled over a wide range by tuning the potential in a single simulation model. This model uses the short-ranged and isotropic pairwise potential. However, the reduction of the potential depth, eventually transforming from tetrahedral into isotropic structures, seamlessly changes the temperature dependence from Arrhenius to super-Arrhenius.

  • 第47回:2017年3月24日(金) 14:00~15:00
    研究本館2階セミナー室(210)

    “How does protein act? The role of protein dynamics in protein folding and enzymatic reactions”

    Prof. Toshifumi Mori (Institute for Molecular Science)

    Protein folds in to a unique structure, but have some flexibility to function efficiently. The importance of flexibility, or protein dynamics such as configurational fluctuations and conformational transitions, have become evident in recent studies, yet understanding how it acts, especially at molecular level, is still a challenging task. In this talk I will discuss our recent studies on two topics, protein folding and enzymtic reactions. For the folding, we analyze multiple ∼μs long molecular dynamics trajectories from Anton to study how folding/unfolding proceed behind a seemingly two-state folding free energy profile. For the enzymatic reaction, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization reaction in Pin1 is studies, and the transitino mechanism is discussed in detail. These results show that the heterogeneous dynamics of the proteins found at molecular level play a fundamental role in folding into the native structure and catalyzing the reaction efficiently.